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Una adecuada lubricación de los rodamientos en los motores eléctricos es esencial para su salud. La lubricación adecuada reduce la fricción y los protege de la oxidación durante los largos períodos de inactividad y/o las condiciones ambientales desfavorables. También transfiere el calor del rodamiento e incluso ayuda a proteger el rodamiento de la suciedad y contaminantes. Puesto que la vida del rodamiento y, por extensión, la vida del motor depende de la lubricación adecuada, es importante la utilización del lubricante indicado para la aplicación como también los intervalos de re-lubricación correctos.
En los motores muy antiguos, la lubricación era proporcionada por goteo de aceite. Ahora por practicidad se utiliza grasa.
Grasa: Consta de aceite en suspensión en un material de base (jabón) como el litio, calcio o poliurea, que lubrica el cojinete continuamente al tiempo que evita que el aceite se pierda. Dependiendo de su composición, una grasa puede ser más adecuada para una aplicación que otra. Por ejemplo, una grasa puede ser de superior desempeño a temperaturas altas o bajas; otra más impermeable al agua, mientras que otras pueden retener mejor el aceite bajo presiones extremas.
Un motor eléctrico en una mina de carbón a cielo abierto, ubicada en la Guajira, donde la temperatura ambiente es de 38° C requiere grasa distinta de un motor idéntico en el Páramo de Santurban que esta a 5°C. Por supuesto, a veces es necesario para cumplir con un requisito estricto a expensas de los demás. En la industria de proceso de alimentos, por ejemplo, la propiedad más importante de los lubricantes es la de no contaminar de manera alguna los alimentos en proceso.
Problemas de Compatibilidad:
Asegúrese de saber qué tipo de grasa utilizan y saber cuáles son compatibles entre sí. La Tabla I proporciona directrices generales para la compatibilidad de la grasa, analizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Grasas Lubricantes (NLGI).
Antes de mezclar dos grasas, consulte con los fabricantes de los rodamientos para estar seguros de su miscibilidad. Si cualquiera de ellos dice que no, no te arriesgues (ver fig.)
Tenga en cuenta que en algunos casos, los fabricantes pueden decir que es seguro para mezclar grasas específicas que son incompatibles de acuerdo con las directrices generales en la Tabla I.
Puede ser que sea una buena idea para identificar a estos motores de alguna manera clara-como pintar el soporte extremo de un color diferente de los otros
motores. El color no coincidirá con el resto del motor, pero que hará que sea más fácil de identificar un cojinete de rodillos que tiene un intervalo de re lubricación más corta y requiere una grasa EP
Algunos fabricantes de motores han utilizado como base la poliurea, que funciona bien a temperaturas elevadas (más de 120°C) y altas velocidades de rotación. Debido a que estos fabricantes producen decenas de miles de motores de semana, su decisión de cambiar la grasa es importante. Esta medida indica un alto nivel de confianza en que la grasa.
Los fabricantes de rodamientos, por otro lado, utilizan grasas diferentes, dependiendo de los requerimientos de aplicación. Como resultado, los cojinetes de repuesto que usted compra a su proveedor de soporte local no puede contener la grasa que sea compatible con lo que usted utiliza en su planta. Por lo tanto, tenga cuidado.
Los intervalos de lubricación: Equipos de ultrasonido, análisis de vibraciones y la termografía puede ayudar a predecir todas las fallas de rodamientos. Sin embargo, según algunas fuentes, como el operario y/o el lubricador tienen una teoría “ sólo cuando se pone lo suficientemente ruidoso se re lubrica". En ese momento, el daño ya está hecho. El bombeo en unos cuantos gramos de grasa puede enmascarar el ruido durante un tiempo, pero es demasiado tarde para salvar el rodamiento.
Asumiendo que tiene un buen programa de mantenimiento predictivo y desea mejorar en el mantenimiento preventivo, ¿con qué frecuencia debe engrasar los rodamientos de un motor eléctrico? Si usted lee los manuales de los fabricantes de motores eléctricos de una docena de diferentes marcas, lo más probable es encontrar 12 diferentes recomendaciones.
Algunos de los factores que determinan la frecuencia de re lubricación de un rodamiento son los siguientes:
• Temperatura de funcionamiento
• RPM (nxdm)
• Tamaño del rodamiento
• Tipo de rodamiento (bolas o de rodillos)
• Limpieza del medio ambiente
Por desgracia, esta carta no es muy práctica. Eso es porque la persona encargada de engrasar los cojinetes por lo general no sabe el tamaño de apoyo de cada motor, y algunos motores tienen un tamaño de rodamiento diferente en cada extremo. Otro inconveniente de este método es que cada motor en una planta probablemente tendrá una lubricación diferente y su uso puede variar con el proceso. Es fácil ver por qué algo que parece simple (p.e.: "Engrasar el rodamiento cada 4000 horas de funcionamiento con 10 gramos de grasa fresca") puede ser difícil de implementar.
Varias industrias han tratado de simplificar la tarea mediante el desarrollo de guías prácticas, como los de la Tabla. Cada uno representa un compromiso, sin embargo, por lo que ninguno de ellos trabaja para cada situación.
Procedimiento de Lubricación
Ahora llegamos al procedimiento recomendado para engrasar los rodamientos. En condiciones normales, primero quite el tapón de drenaje de grasa y limpie toda la suciedad y los residuos de la grasera y la boquilla de la pistola de engrase. Con el motor en marcha, inyectar grasa fresca en el rodamiento, mientras que observamos que la grasa vieja está obligada a salir por el ducto de evacuación de la grasa. Cuando la grasa purgada se ve limpia fresco, deje de bombear. Haga funcionar el motor por lo menos durante 20 minutos para eliminar cualquier exceso de grasa y luego vuelva a colocar el tapón de drenaje.
Precaución:
Recuerde que el eje está girando. El motor está acoplado o con trasmisión por correas, así que hay un montón de elementos en movimiento.Algunos manuales dicen que "bombear 0,8 gramos de grasa en el rodamiento." Eso suena bastante simple. Muchos operadores de saber cómo las bombas que se requieren para entregar una onza de grasa, ya que en realidad ha comprobado. Sin embargo, es difícil determinar si el paso entre el accesorio de engrase y el cojinete está lleno de grasa o vacío. ¿Qué pasa si precisas que 0,8 gramos de grasa ni siquiera rellenar el paso de grasa?
Equipos de ultrasonido ofrece una forma más segura de saber si la grasa alcanza el rodamiento. Mientras escucha el sonido del rodamiento, bombee grasa fresca hasta que el sonido cambie para mejor. Si inyecta cuatro tubos de grasa en un motor de 5 caballos de fuerza y todavía no ve ningún tipo de grasa que sale de la fuga, ¡por favor, basta! Lo mas probable es tendrá la tarea de desmontar el motor, la limpieza de todo lo que el exceso de y volver a instalar el motor. Para evitar problemas de compatibilidad, asegúrese de identificar todos los casos especiales.
La mayoría de las averías prematuras de los rodamientos en motores eléctricos se pueden evitar con buenas prácticas de lubricación. La elección de la grasa adecuada para la aplicación y un excelente programas de lubricación y los procedimientos correctos asegurará una larga vida del motor sin problemas con un mínimo de tiempo de inactividad no programado. También es importante evitar la mezcla de grasas incompatibles y exceso de grasa. Por último, cuando el envío de un motor para su reparación, asegúrese de que el centro de servicio de motores sabe lo que la grasa que utiliza.
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